[87], By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. At the same time, a new Act of Uniformity was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of the 1559 Book of Common Prayer (an adapted version of the 1552 prayer book) compulsory, though the penalties for recusancy, or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme. Many people in the 16th century believed that a woman wasnt fit to rule, but Elizabeth was quick to prove them wrong! [100] Modern scholarship dismisses the story's basic premise as "impossible",[99] and asserts that Elizabeth's life was so closely observed by contemporaries that she could not have hidden a pregnancy. She was then presented for the people's acceptance, amidst a deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells. Elizabeth skillfully avoided doing anything that Mary might have used as grounds for her execution and, upon Marys death in 1558, went on to become one of Englands most illustrious monarchs. [91] Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and developed an iconography that exalted Elizabeth. Walsinghams spies discovered that Mary was sending messages to Catholic plotters. [c] Eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married Jane Seymour. As she had no children, and therefore no direct heir to the throne, she was the last Tudor monarch. [17][16] A translation of Tacitus from Lambeth Palace Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. "[194] Walter Raleigh called her "a lady whom time had surprised". [187], This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England. When Raleigh returned in 1590, there was no trace of the Roanoke Colony he had left, but it was the first English settlement in North America. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. For though, as her sister demanded, she conformed outwardly to official Catholic observance, she inevitably became the focus and the obvious beneficiary of plots to overthrow the government and restore Protestantism. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting. When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen".[1]. [90] At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her ostensible virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin". Elizabeth I was queen of England for almost 45 years. Elizabeth, aware that she could be a threat to her throne, kept Mary prisoner for 19 years. To her frustration,[o] he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated. [113][114] Catholics who obeyed her orders were threatened with excommunication. [113] The papal bull provoked legislative initiatives against Catholics by Parliament, which were, however, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention. Henry abandoned the siege in April. [64] By the autumn of 1559, several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her favourite was not welcome in England:[65] "There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation she will marry none but the favoured Robert. Mary escaped in 1568 but after a defeat at Langside sailed to England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 March 1603)[a] was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations. Queen Elizabeth II, who died Sept. 8, had been called Lilibet by her closest family members since childhood. [127] He enraged Elizabeth by accepting the post of Governor-General from the Dutch States General. In 1559, she had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. Was Elizabeth I a popular queen? | Britannica Though Anne had bewitched the King, she was despised by . Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator, Robert Tyrwhitt, who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty". [85] Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, and wore a frog-shaped earring that Francis had sent her.[86]. In 1601, near the end of her reign, Elizabethgave what is known as the Golden Speech to her politicians. [47] The following day, 15 January 1559, a date chosen by her astrologer John Dee,[48][49] Elizabeth was crowned and anointed by Owen Oglethorpe, the Catholic bishop of Carlisle, in Westminster Abbey. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent the doctor's execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt. This territory was much larger than the present-day state of Virginia, extending from New England to the Carolinas. She was the Queen of Scotland from 1543until1567, when she became very unpopular and was forced to abdicate (give up the throne). The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at Craon, north-west France, in May 1591. [72] Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself. Haynes, 15; Strong and van Dorsten, 7279. Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the Tsardom of Russia that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. She wasnt popular with everyone, however. Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset, John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford, William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, Acts of Settlement and Uniformity of 1559, Royal eponyms in Canada for Queen Elizabeth I, "House of Tudor | History, Monarchs, & Facts", "Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I", "Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I", "Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English", "Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour | English admiral", "BBC History Elizabeth I: An Overview", The "Festival Book" account, from the British Library, "John Dee and the English Calendar: Science, Religion and Empire", "Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen", "Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love", "British History Online: Simancas: June 1587, 16-30", "All the Queen's Children: Elizabeth I and the Meanings of Motherhood", "The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I", "The best books on Elizabeth I a Five Books interview with Helen Hackett", Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_I&oldid=1161716988, Carlson, Eric Josef. If she married a foreign prince to create a link with another European country, it may have benefitted the other country more than England and made her less powerful. Religious upheaval in Continental Europe and Henry's dispute with the pope over his marital difficulties led Henry to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England. These cookies are required to make our website work! Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the Nine Years' War, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with Spain, who backed the rebel leader, Hugh O'Neill. However, the war against Spain was far from over, and would last for another 19 years. "[118] On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire. [179] A bitter rivalry arose between Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Robert Cecil, son of Lord Burghley, with both being supported by their respective adherents. After Essex's desertion of his command in Ireland in 1599, Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies. Since the king ardently hoped that Anne Boleyn would give birth to a male heir, regarded as key to stable dynastic succession, the birth of a second daughter was a bitter disappointment that dangerously weakened the new queens position. They landed on Roanoke Island, off present-day North Carolina. [117] Elizabeth's proclamation of the sentence announced that "the said Mary, pretending title to the same Crown, had compassed and imagined within the same realm diverse things tending to the hurt, death and destruction of our royal person. Using some clever tactics, they intercepted one of the letters and faked Marys handwriting at the end of it, asking for the identities of the plotters. Gibson reflects on Wellington's Ascot misfortune: 'it was all too much [95], A central issue, when it comes to the question of Elizabeth's virginity, was whether the queen ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. "The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop.". In 1599, she spoke of "all my husbands, my good people". Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence. Queen Elizabeth Is right to the throne wasnt always guaranteed. Table of Contents Listen to article Elizabeth II See all media Born: April 21, 1926 London England Died: September 8, 2022 (aged 96) Balmoral Castle Scotland House / Dynasty: house of Windsor Notable Family Members: In 1569 there was a major Catholic rising in the North; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, and put her on the English throne. Before Elizabeth reached her third birthday, her father had her mother beheaded on charges of adultery and treason. ", Woolf, D. R. "Two Elizabeths? Crowds cheered her all along the way. Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [111] After the rebels' defeat, over 750 of them were executed on Elizabeth's orders. [71], Among other marriage candidates being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley continued to be regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade. She reigned England at a time when religious opinion was divided, yet, for the most part, she managed to maintain peace and prosperity, and reign over a Golden Age. The Merry Wives of Windsor [104][i] Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting Treaty of Edinburgh of July 1560 removed the French threat in the north. She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Seymour and "comfort him in his sorrow",[29] but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort. Her father, King Henry VIII, had Parliament annul his marriage to Elizabeths motherhis second wife, Anne Boleynthus making Elizabeth an illegitimate child and removing her from the line of succession (although a later parliamentary act would return her to it). [20] At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish languages in addition to those mentioned above. Shes also remembered for being a different kind of queen. During the 1590s, some of the great names of English literature entered their maturity, including William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. [138] Unaware of the Armada's fate, English militias mustered to defend the country under the Earl of Leicester's command. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. The expedition was led by Elizabeth's former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. When Henry VIII died, he left his nine-year-old son,King Edward VI,to rule England quite a big job for a little boy! Elizabeth's famous attachment to Pembroke . Historians have speculated that Thomas Seymour had put her off sexual relationships. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The Latin inscription on their tomb, "Regno consortes & urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis", translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection". If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen, but if Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. Her religious policies, such as the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity, went a lot further to consolidate the power of the church under her and to regularize the practice of the faith. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island," marvelled Pope Sixtus V, "and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all". [j] When Mary returned to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth. The Queen felt strongly about her reasons not to marry. [76], Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy. "[66] Amy Dudley died in September 1560, from a fall from a flight of stairs and, despite the coroner's inquest finding of accident, many people suspected her husband of having arranged her death so that he could marry the queen. [143], In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent to Spain the English Armada or Counter Armada with 23,375 men and 150 ships, led by Francis Drake as admiral and John Norreys as general. In July, Elizabeth sent out another force under Robert Devereux, to help Henry IV in besieging Rouen. [193] Andr Hurault de Maisse, Ambassador Extraordinary from Henry IV of France, reported an audience with the queen, during which he noticed, "her teeth are very yellow and unequal and on the left side less than on the right. Elizabeth I - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help Catholics werent happy that she restored England to Protestantism, while some Protestants felt she didnt go far enough in purging Catholic elements from the Church of Englands doctrine. Wellington's Group One Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Stakes (1,200m) tilt got off to a disastrous start at Royal Ascot on Saturday, and trainer Richard Gibson admits he's still trying to come to . By entering your email address you agree to our. Elizabeth undertook her own campaign to suppress Catholicism in England, although hers was more moderate and less bloody than the one enacted by Mary. BBC - History - Elizabeth I: An Overview "There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' [Pole]". "[199], Elizabeth's senior adviser, Lord Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. Omissions? Having previously promised to marry, she told an unruly House: I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad. Elizabeth, daughter of the mercurial King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, was born on September 7, 1533, at Greenwich Palace. Background The reign of Elizabeth I 's father, Henry VIII, was one of great political and social change. Queen Elizabeth I | Poetry Foundation [119] After the execution, Elizabeth claimed that she had not intended for the signed execution warrant to be dispatched, and blamed her secretary, William Davison, for implementing it without her knowledge. She also had her title downgraded from Princess to Lady. [210] Expectations of King James started high but then declined. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 15621563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II. [84] This last proposal was tied to a planned alliance against Spanish control of the Southern Netherlands. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. [53], Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. Sneaky! The English believed that this showed that God approved of the Queen. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she forgave him. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. She wasn't popular with everyone, however. Elizabeth I was always seen dressed in fabulous outfits that reflected her wealth and status. The issue was never raised again! using this []. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in 1563. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Following her death, Mary, Queen of Scots son James VI of Scotland was named King James I of England. Her elder half-sister Mary had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry annulled his marriage to Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession. Many men proposed but Elizabeth always kept them waiting. I have always so behaved myself that, under . Who was Queen Elizabeth I? - BBC Bitesize Jane was proclaimed queen by the privy council, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. Henry already had a daughter, Mary Elizabeths half-sister with his first wife Catherine of Aragon. As the end of her life approached, she forestalled the successional crisis that might otherwise have arisen by designating King James VI of Scotland as the next in line to the throne. [v] Cecil coached the impatient James to humour Elizabeth and "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions". [b] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. [36] Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. When she was told that Seymour had been beheaded, she betrayed no emotion. Her last courtship was with Francis, Duke of Anjou, 22 years her junior. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. [231], "Elizabeth of England" and "Elizabeth Tudor" redirect here. Let tyrants fear. The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle". Her "princess" title was earned from her second marriage to Prince . Corrections? It was a sustained lesson in survival through self-discipline and the tactful manipulation of appearances. He intended to seize the queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. [54] As a result, the Parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a church based on the Protestant settlement of Edward VI, with the monarch as its head, but with many Catholic elements, such as vestments. After all, she became. [42] This interview was conducted at Hatfield House, where she had returned to live in October 1555. [124] The siege of Antwerp in the summer of 1585 by the Duke of Parma necessitated some reaction on the part of the English and the Dutch. During Elizabeths reign, she sought to return the country from Catholicism to Protestantism (another form of the Christian religion), like her father had done before her. Not only was Mary family but she was a fellow queen, and the last thing Elizabeth wanted was to encourage the execution of monarchs! [171][172][140] During this time, repression of Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders. Throughout the unhappy years of Marys childless reign, with its burning of Protestants and its military disasters, Elizabeth had continually to protest her innocence, affirm her unwavering loyalty, and proclaim her pious abhorrence of heresy. [155] In spring 1599, Elizabeth sent Robert Devereux, to put the revolt down. [121] She knighted Francis Drake after his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. Queen Jane died the next year shortly after the birth of their son, Edward, who was undisputed heir apparent to the throne. Catherine Parr, Henry's widow, soon married Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, Edward VI's uncle and the brother of Lord Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. [50] Although Elizabeth was welcomed as queen in England, the country was still in a state of anxiety over the perceived Catholic threat at home and overseas, as well as the choice of whom she would marry. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports. This text about queen Elizabeth was amazing now I know a lot more facts. Published: 02 February 2022 Posted by: Dr Tracy Borman Category: History In-depth When Elizabeth I became queen upon the death of her half-sister 'Bloody' Mary on 17 November 1558, there was great rejoicing across the kingdom. Portraiture of Elizabeth I - Wikipedia Elizabeth I knights the explorer Sir Francis Drake. [78][79][80] Earlier in Elizabeth's life aDanish match for her had been discussed; Henry VIII had proposed one with the Danish prince Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, in 1545, and Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, suggested a marriage with Prince Frederick (later Frederick II) several years later, but the negotiations had abated in 1551. But Elizabeth also had a reputation for leaving important decisions to the very last minute much to the annoyance of her ministers! Elizabeth gladly received flowers and congratulations from ordinary people in the street just like our queen does today. Elizabeth II | Biography, Family, Reign, & Facts | Britannica [148] In Ireland, Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record. However, William Cecil, Nicholas Throckmorton, and some conservative peers made their disapproval unmistakably clear. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed [these] languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue".
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