Some medicines are licensed in various countries for the control of calf coccidiosis, but many other products used appear to have some efficacy although they are unlicensed in cattle. As an aid in the prevention of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in cattle. Death losses commenced on the third day after ingestion of a toxic amount in the feed. Monensin is able to transport sodium ions through membranes in both electrogenic and electroneutral manner (Mollenhauer et al. Use of Rumensin in Dairy Diets - DAIReXNET - Extension Laidlomycin propionate is approved in cattle. Stressful events (eg, mixing groups, routine procedures, feed changes) should be kept to a minimum. Milk residues and performance of lactating dairy cows administered high doses of monensin. Bagg R, Vessie GH, Dick CP, Duffield T, Wilson JB, Aramini JJ. CVJ, National Library of Medicine However, only four (E alabamensis, E auburnensis, E bovis, and E zuernii) are usually associated with clinical disease. Extralabel use of medicated feeds is permissible in minor species provided stipulations are met. Monensin is primarily metabolized and excreted by the liver and is rapidly eliminated in the feces. On many production farms, coccidiosis is only controllable by medication. Lnc-TRTMFS promotes milk fat synthesis via the miR-132x/RAI14/mTOR pathway in BMECs, Integrating sperm cell transcriptome and seminal plasma metabolome to analyze the molecular regulatory mechanism of sperm motility in Holstein stud bulls, Combined supplementation with Lactobacillus sp. Use to remove results with certain terms Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Animals may adapt to higher nitrate content in feeds, especially when grazing summer annuals such as sorghum-Sudan hybrids. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA(known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is dedicated to using the power of leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. Cattle that recover from acute ionophore toxicosis may also suffer unexpected acute cardiac failure, especially if exercised or stressed (2), and deaths can occur for extended periods after exposure has stopped (5). Gossypol Poisoning in Animals - MSD Veterinary Manual Lower dosages of methylene blue can be used in all species; only ruminants can safely tolerate higher dosages. The clinical signs seen in the outbreak described here started within 24 h of initial exposure to the . Due to their interference with membrane cation transport, polyether antibiotics can cause cell death by perturbing the intracellular ionic homeostasis and destabilizing biological membranes (6). Decoquinate, lasalocid, and monensin at the manufacturers recommended levels are equally effective. Oral feeding studies indicated a near complete anorexia resulting from intake of sublethal amounts of monensin. The ideal coccidiostat suppresses the full development of the life cycle of the coccidia, allows immunity to develop, and does not interfere with production performance. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3. A description of the incident is given including the findings on post mortem examination. Van Vleet JF, Amstutz HE, Weirich WE, et al. Rumensin is an ionophore, which can be classified as an antibiotic, that is produced naturally by the bacteria strain ( Strep cinnamonensis) and is typically fed as the sodium salt. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In this case, the cTnI concentrations in the sampled cows were < 0.1 ng/mL, compared with < 0.1 and 0.9 ng/mL in 2 normal cows from the AVC herd used as controls. The hematologic and biochemical results results were all within reference ranges. One possible explanation for this herd not presenting more severe symptoms is that it had been supplemented with monensin daily, prior to the toxic exposure and, therefore, that the rumen microflora had already adapted to the ionophore. Taking a fecal sample should allow most other common differential diagnoses to be ruled out. Decreased light, cloudy weather, and shading associated with crowded planting can also cause increased concentrations of nitrates in plants. Within 9 d, all animals recovered from the incident and milk production returned to previous levels. Acute toxicosis is manifested primarily by methemoglobin formation. Suspected sources of nitrate exposure should also be submitted for laboratory testing. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. The animals appear slightly dull with a poor coat. Contributors include members of the OSU Beef Team and beef cattle specialists and economists from across the U.S. With a dry start to the summer, is creep feeding right for your operation? eCollection 2012. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies However, some animals were still eating less than expected, and the milk production had decreased. It also selectively kills bacteria that produce methane, resulting in less carbon loss and greater energy efficiency. Thus, calves should be kept as unstressed as possible. Single dose acute toxicity and signs associated with toxicity were determined by oral gavage, 7-d oral gavage and feeding experiments with high concentrations of monensin in feed. However, poisonings do occur and are often due to accidental contamination of feed and feed supplements for the wrong species (horses, for example) or errors in feed mixing resulting in excessive concentrations in the diets of cattle. This also decreases overall oocyst contamination for the group. Diarrhea, lethargy, and reduced feed intake of all the lactating cows were the most noticeable signs, which alerted the farmers that something was wrong. Continued severe respiratory distress can lead to interstitial pulmonary emphysema. Occasionally, other pathogenic bacteria may be detected. Some experimental studies have shown that the weight reduction in young calves was maintained throughout at least their first grazing season. 1 2. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Nitrate in plants can be converted to nitrite under favorable conditions of moisture, heat, and microbial activity after harvesting. Outbreak of monensin poisoning in cattle - PubMed We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. As an aid in the prevention of ketosis and subclinical ketosis (hyperketonemia) in lactating dairy cattle. Intoxication au monensin dans un troupeau laitier. Affected calves may die < 24 hours after the onset of dysentery and CNS signs, or they may live for several days, commonly in a laterally recumbent position with mild opisthotonos. It should be ensured that the feed and water troughs are not contaminated. Dont Forget Tetanus Prevention when Banding Bulls! Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Mixing errors and misuse situations under actual use conditions have resulted in cases of cattle mortality. Cases in Britain increased after the mid-1990s, possibly because of removal of the previous routine inclusion of coccidiostats in calf feeds. Ionophore antibiotics such as monensin and lasalocid are commonly used feed additives for controlling coccidiosis, bloat and improving efficiency of weight gain in cattle. Current Veterinary Therapy (Food Animal Practice). If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. All rights reserved. Monensin has been tested to determine its toxicity and safety in cattle. 3722021 DOI: 10.2527/jas1986.6251308x Abstract Thirty-six steers (148 to 500 kg) divided into six equal groups were used in a toxic syndrome study of lasalocid and monensin given as a single oral dose. Monensin is also known as Rumensin, a growth promotant in cattle and poultry that's added to premix, pelleted or bulk feeds, and mineral blocks. Lower dosages may be repeated in 2030 minutes if the initial response is not satisfactory. Doses of 0.753 mg/kg are effective in preventing experimental coccidiosis. The most important clinical signs in this case were the profuse diarrhea, dullness, and the reduced feed intake. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Publication types Comment Letter MeSH terms Animals Dog Diseases / epidemiology* Dog Diseases / etiology . At the time of our visit, the farmer and the feed company had already suspected that a monensin toxicosis had occurred. Single dose acute toxicity and signs associated with toxicity were determined by oral gavage, 7-d oral gavage and feeding experiments with high concentrations of monensin in feed. Monensin, ketosis and nitrate toxicity in cows. CAUTION: Do not allow horses or other equines access to feeds containing monensin. The daily production for the prior 2 d was 28.0 kg/cow/d, which was relatively stable over the previous 2-week period. Use for phrases However, intoxication may come after mixing errors that result in their inclusion in the diets of nontarget species or in excessive concentrations in the diets of target species (1,57). Toxicity. 2022 Jun 30;14(7):447. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070447. Gross necropsy of cattle with monensin toxicosis shows cardiac dilatation, epicardial hemorrhages, and pale streaking of the myocardial muscle (indicating necrosis). It blocks intracellular protein transport, resulting in antibacterial and antimalarial effects. lintrieur de neuf jours, tous les animaux se sont rtablis et la production laitire est revenue au niveau antrieur. WB Saunders, 1999:244245. Rapid recognition of clinical signs with the introduction of a new feed, followed by the prompt removal of the new feed until testing can be completed, may help avoid more severe consequences and losses. Structure and antimicrobial properties of monensin A and its derivatives: summary of the achievements. 2001). At the time of the incident, the 64 lactating cows were, on average, 194 d in milk (DIM). Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Therefore, it would be at least five biologic half-lives (2436 hours) before increased nitrate concentrations from excessive nitrate exposure diminish to normally expected values, allowing additional time for appropriate premortem specimen collection. Roder JD, McCoy CP. A monensina considerada segura quando usada em espcies-alvo, dentro das dosagens recomendada pelo fabricante, e rapidamente excretada aps sua ingesto, com mnimo acmulo nos tecidos. 1984 May 15;184(10):1273-6. Coccidiosis is a self-limiting disease, and spontaneous recovery without specific treatment is common once the multiplication stage of the coccidia has passed. Narasin is approved in swine and chickens. Increasing monensin intake up to 200 mg/day, cattle gained an additional 0.20 lb per day or a 16% improvement compared to cattle without monensin. Use for phrases Nonetheless, most current evidence does not support decreased milk production in dairy cows due to excessive dietary nitrate exposure alone. Bovine viral diarrhea virus Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease is a pestivirus infection of cattle and other ruminants. Although all ionophores can be toxic, this article will focus on monensin, simply because more information is available due to its longstanding and widespread use in the cattle industry since the mid-1970s. The 70th Committee meeting considered monensin A to be a suitable marker residue in both milk and tissues. The owner of a 64-head Holstein-Friesian dairy herd reported an acute onset of illness. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. While ionophores are safe and effective in target species receiving recommended doses, toxicity in off-target species can be fatal. This prevents the microorganism from maintaining appropriate metabolism, leading to antimicrobial effects. Neither text, nor links to other websites, is reviewed or endorsed by The Ohio State University. Chronic infections tend to be associated with poor growth, staring coat, and soiled hair in the perineal region. In these cases, cattle recovered from the insulting dose and resumed growth and feed intake. Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition may be detected by feeding history but may require blood samples for specific problems. Immunity is only mounted to the specific Eimeria spp to which the animal is exposed. Abortions and stillbirths may be seen in some pregnant cattle 514 days after an exposure to excessive nitrates. There is diffuse inflammation of the last part of small intestine, cecum, and large intestine with E bovis and E zuernii. Bovine coccidiosis occurs indoors and, slightly less often, outside. Additionally, sound mixing techniques are necessary to ensure even distribution through the diet. However, postmortem ocular fluid nitrate concentrations are relatively stable and remain diagnostically relevant for up to 60 hours after death. There is considerable difficulty in interpreting oocyst counts because of the many nonpathogenic species and timing of sampling. Monensin is an ionophore that increases overall energy yield from feed, and improves animal performance. Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry - PMC The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. A concentration of 1 mg/kg is recommended as being effective and rapid when outbreaks of coccidiosis are anticipated. See below. Once collected, plasma, serum, and ocular fluid specimens have stable nitrate concentration for testing at least 1 week if refrigerated and 1 month at 20C. Monensin toxicosis causes an excessive increase in intracellular calcium ions in myocardial muscles, leading to tachycardia, tachyarrhythmias, increased contractility, premature ventricular complexes, and atrial fibrillation. Deaths can occur for extended periods after exposure has stopped depending on the severity of the permanent heart damage. Milk production rapidly returned to pre-exposure levels, and on day 10, with 59 cows milking an average of 197 DIM, milk production was on average 28.8 kg milk/cow/d. Inaccurate on-farm feed mixing can present problems as was highlighted by this outbreak. If necropsy is postponed too long, the brown discoloration may disappear, with conversion of methemoglobin back to Hgb. Large, round bales with excess nitrates are especially dangerous if stored uncovered outside; rain or snow can leach and subsequently concentrate most of the total nitrate present into the lower third of these bales. Diagnosis is based on the history (age of cattle, suitably contaminated environment, stressed animals, previous problems), clinical signs, fecal sampling, speciation, and postmortem findings. No attempts were made to rule out these differential diagnoses, because the monensin toxicosis had already been confirmed. Monensin medicated cattle and goat feeds are safe for use in cattle and goats only. Enter search terms to find related veterinary topics, multimedia and more. MeSH Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA(known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is dedicated to using the power of leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The herds milk production required approximately 6 d to return to previous levels, providing evidence that in dairy cattle the ingestion of toxic levels of monensin, even over a short period of time, can have economic consequences. In cattle, the clinical signs of acute monensin toxicity are anorexia (24 to 36 h post ingestion), diarrhea, dullness, weakness, ataxia, dyspnea, prostration, and death within 3 to 14 d of the ingestion of the incriminated feed (1,2,68). Comparison of two forms and two levels of lasalocid with monensin on feedlot cattle performance. 2. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations >20 ppm and >0.5 ppm, respectively, in maternal and perinatal serum, plasma, ocular fluid, and other similar biologic fluids are usually indicative of excessive nitrate or nitrite exposure in most domestic animal species. 2003 Mar 22;152(12):376. The most important differential diagnoses for the profuse diarrhea would be bovine viral diarrhea; winter dysentery; salmonellosis (Dublin and Typhimurium); malignant catarrhal fever; ruminal acidosis; parasitic infections, such as ostertagiosis; and Fusarium intoxication. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. E. L. Potter and others, Monensin Toxicity in Cattle, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 58, Issue 6, June 1984, Pages 14991511, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.5861499x. The normal safe range used in stocker and feeder calves for increased rate of weight gain and prevention/control of coccidiosis is 50-200 mg/head/day. Most infected calves show no clinical signs. Toxicosis most often occurs in naive domestic species, most commonly due to ingestion of plants containing excess nitrates; particularly by hungry animals engorging themselves, thus ingesting an enormous volume of nitrate. Use of ionophores in lactating dairy cattle: A review. Sulfaquinoxaline (13 mg/kg, in the drinking water or by drench if not drinking sufficiently, for 35 days) is approved by the US FDA for treatment of coccidiosis. Therefore, when using products according to label recommendations, it is imperative to follow the label meat and milk withdrawal times for the particular product. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Coccidiosis is difficult to reliably control because oocyst numbers rapidly increase in suitable conditions. Nitrate ions are reduced to nitrite ions in the rumen and rapidly absorbed, forming methemoglobin which results in hypoxia. Nitrate does not selectively accumulate in fruits or grain and is found chiefly in the lower stalk, with lesser amounts in the upper stalk and leaves. Gossypol is produced naturally by the glands of the cotton plant. A sample of the suspect pelleted feed was collected and submitted (Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario) for determination of the monensin concentration; it was found to contain 479 ppm of the ionophore monensin, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography, using post-column derivatization. Epub 2012 Feb 2. Accidental salinomycin intoxication in calves - PMC The species include Eimeria alabamensis, E auburnensis, E bovis, E brasiliensis, E bukidnonensis, E canadensis, E cylindrica, E ellipsoidalis, E pellita, E subspherica, E wyomingensis, and E zuernii. Michelle Arnold, DVM (Ruminant Extension Veterinarian, UKVDL), University of Kentucky (A special thanks to Dr. Jeff Lehmkuhler, UK Beef Extension Specialist, for his valuable input and comments in the development of this article.). Because the signs occurred in all lactating animals at the same time, and the young stock and dry cows were not affected, a point source affecting only the lactating cows was likely. Vet Rec. Other beneficial effects of feeding monensin to cattle include reduction in bloat (less methane production), less rumen acidosis, and fewer cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome or fog fever. No vaccines are available, partly because of the number of pathogenic species and a lack of complete understanding of immunity to the parasite. Drench is preferable when calves are ill. o [alopecia OR hair loss ], , DVM, MS, DACVIM-LA, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Bulk tank milk fat and protein levels were evaluated weekly. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. As part of preventive management and control, ensure all calves enter and are kept in a clean, disinfected environment with good ventilation. Monensin is approved in cattle, chickens, goats, and turkeys. Furthermore, these studies have demonstrated no detrimental effects upon reproduction. Most countries permit decoquinate in the feed to suppress oocyst production. Oral feeding studies indicated a near complete anorexia resulting from intake of sublethal amounts of monensin. Use to remove results with certain terms In Canada, winter coccidiosis occurs after a prolonged cold spell or after a sudden change to severe weather. Novilla MN. Death is a potential outcome. However, it is mainly a management problem, usually from overcrowding and a contaminated environment. Medication should be used for as short a period as possible, only when oocyst exposure is anticipated, and continuing no longer than needed to allow effective immunity to develop. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. Typically, the life cycle of bovine coccidia involves two asexual reproducing generations and then a sexual reproducing generation that releases resistant oocysts into the feces. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Growth rate is decreased. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Of primary importance is the recognition of a potential feed problem and removal of suspect feeds until testing can confirm or deny excessive exposure. Heating may encourage bacterial conversion of nitrate to nitrite; therefore, feeding of hay, straw, or fodder that has been damp or wet for several days, or stockpiled, green-chopped forage should be avoided. Some animals that develop marked dyspnea recover but then develop interstitial pulmonary emphysema and have continued signs of respiratory distress; most of these animals recover fully within 1014 days. Thank you, your email will be added to the mailing list once you click on the link in the confirmation email. Lasalocid is approved in cattle, sheep, chickens, rabbits, turkeys, chickens, and partridges. Influence of monensin on the performance of cattle. - Europe PMC doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.12.009. The nitrate ion (NO. There is no antidote or specific treatment for toxicoses induced by ionophores (6). When monensin is used correctly, cattle weight gains can be maintained with less feed, resulting in significant feed savings. Under suitable conditions of oxygen, moisture, and temperature, infective sporulated oocysts are produced in days. Although usually acute, the effects of nitrite or nitrate toxicosis may be subacute or chronic and can include delayed growth, decreased milk production, vitamin A deficiency, minor transitory goitrogenic effects, abortion, fetotoxicity, and increased susceptibility to infection. The toxicity of monensin for cattle and other species is well documented and is known to be dose dependent (4,5). The ionophores are approved only as medicated feed additives in the US. PMID: 12678272 No abstract available. In this case, the rapid association of the clinical signs that the herd showed with the introduction of the new concentrate, followed by the prompt removal of the concentrate, may have allowed the farmer to avoid more severe consequences and losses. Kexxtone for Animal Use (Canada) - Drugs.com HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Lasalocid toxicity in cattle: acute clinicopathological changes
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