Reforming global sport: hybridity and the challenges of pursuing transparency. Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2006). From doping and match-fixing to money laundering, corruption should be a concern to anybody interested in sport policy, management, governance, or ethics. From doping and match-fixing to money laundering, corruption should be a concern to anybody interested in sport policy, management, governance, or ethics. In the first documented case of corruption in sports, the fist fighter Eupolos bribed three of his competitors at the Olympic Games of 388 BC. The special features of sport. Zurich: FIFA. 17 July 2020 ed. Transparency International (Abingdon: Routledge). Monitoring systems of governance in sport: looking for best practices from the European Union and beyond. (2013). Siga (2017). An example of poor practice in the 2017 batch was the ITF's (a private registered UK company subject to the UK Bribery Act 2010) policy, which noted that payment of facilitation payments by or on the behalf of the ITF is therefore only permitted if the following conditions are met (ITF, 2012). Model. For instance, doping arises from the de-amateurization and medicalization. Optimizing the structure of elite competitions in professional sportlessons from Rugby Union. Sports finance, in The Business of Sport Management, editor. ISGBs, by their very nature as global organizations, have monopoly power over their sport or (in the case of the IOC) event (Morgan, 2002). Advertisement The bid processes for Russia (2014 Winter) and Brazil (2016 Summer) were overwhelmed with bribery accusations. (2015). 08-13, August 2008. Like corruption (Ashforth and Anand, 2003; Den Nieuwenboer and Kaptein, 2008; Gorse and Chadwick, 2010; Rose, 2017), bribery encompasses an array of definitional issues and is affected by public sector literature bias. Baughn, C., Bodie, N., Buchanan, M., and Bixby, M. (2010). European Sport Management Quarterly 5(2): 187-225. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Congress.Gov, 2002, 1514A) in the US also penalizes retaliation against whistleblowers. Conceptualization of integrity and its relation to corruption. Individuals with high discount rates for future events and thus a high preference for the present are more likely to become addicted. Chadwick, S. (2013). The FIA was the only ISGB in the sample to explicitly state that the intention behind the gift should always be considered (FIA, 2017b). With high stakes on the line, such an economy of influence is serving the interests of a few at the expense of the many. Join Hudson Institute for an expert panel discussion on how enforcement of the Rodchenkov Act can help clean up doping fraud in international sports, deliver justice for the victims of these corrupt acts, and hold kleptocracies accountable for their role in this practice. Privatization, competition, and corruption: how characteristics of bribe takers and payers affect bribes to utilities. Governance structures found supported the applicability of corporate governance ABC policies to ISGBs, in line with Smith and Stewart (2010) paper on the sport industry's declining uniqueness. Mies: Federation Internationale de Basketball. Maennig, Inefficiency of the Anti-Doping System.. This paper critically reviewed governance policies for the prevention of bribery in a sample of 22 ISGBs using the anti-bribery framework developed by Philippou (2019). Sport Policy 7, 473488. Ionescu, L. (2015). La Courneuve, France: IFAF. The final part assesses the current state of literature in this area and suggests opportunities for future research. Agency problems can be caused by separation (Berle and Means, 1930) between principals (resource allocators and stakeholders such as fans and athletes) and agents (managers of these resources, such as ISGBs). Research indicates that both on the individual and aggregate level no one benefits from infested disciplines in the long run. Code of Ethics. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee. Anti-Bribery and Journals & Records Provisions of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Econ. View PDF. Q. Aigle: Union Cycliste Internationale. Institutional structures and effectiveness of anticorruption agencies: a comparative analysis of South Korea and Hong Kong. Eugen Dimant, The Antecedents and Effects of Corruption A Reassessment of Current (Empirical) Findings, MPRA Paper, No. Both players appeared in 2017 as witnesses during the multi-million-euro corruption trial of former . J. Econ. Bribery and corruption in international sport are rife, systemic, widespread, and linked to stakeholders from athletes to sponsors, although the governance side of the game has gained most attention. Despite this diversity, most ISGBs note the importance of integrity and reputation, supporting Gorse and Chadwick (2010). Econ. doi: 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X, Jin-Wook, C. (2009). The athletes opportunity costs of not being able to earn (prize) money, his increasing loss of value as he advances in age, and being exposed to a prisoners type of dilemma work in the same direction and serve as incentives to take performance enhancing drugs. Policy Soc. Transparency is proxied as public availability of information. Slovenica 19, 4359. Absence of adequate policies therefore affects propensity for corruption, although benchmarking of individual ISGB's ABC governance is outside the scope of this paper. PWC (2011). (2006). In this context, Tirole studies the impact of the joint dynamics of individual and collective reputations on the persistence of corruption. For example, FIFA (2012b) Code of Ethics notes that commissions are forbidden unless the applicable body has expressly permitted them to do so'. Illustrating for the first time the scale, scope and complexity of corruption and criminal networks in national and international sport, the Global Report offers a playbook to effectively tackle these issues by setting out a range of concrete policy considerations. UNODC Global Report on Corruption in Sport Economic rent is the concept of monopoly profit; it is an unsustainable pricing level in the presence of competition (Ricardo, 1821; Krueger, 1974). Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. First-ever Global Report on Corruption in Sport Lausanne: International Golf Federation. ISGBs referenced gifts of a nominal, trivial, and/or symbolic value only as being acceptable (see, for example, FIH, 2012; IIHF, 2014a; FIFA, 2020f; UCI, n.d.), although arguably this also requires a degree of reasonableness to be applied. IOC (2020b). FIA (2017a). (2010). It is important reading for all students and scholars of sport management, business, criminology, and law. Ultimately, it identifies three crucial areas of action: Contributing to the special event discussion via video message, the Presidents of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fdration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) two key partners for UNODC both pointed to this issue of collaboration. Austin, TX: ACFE. IAAF (2015). UNODC's Action against Corruption and Economic Crime, Global Programme for Strengthening Capacities to Prevent and Combat Organized Crime, Global Programme on Crimes that Affect the Environment, Expert Meeting on International Cooperation, Ad hoc committee to elaborate an international convention on countering the use of ICTs for criminal purposes, International cooperation and information exchange, The Monitoring Illicit Arms Flows Initiative, Global Programme against Money Laundering, United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Conference of the Parties to Organized Crime Convention, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Blue Heart Campaign against human trafficking, 20th anniversary of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC20), Countering transnational organized crime and illicit trafficking/drug trafficking, Prevention, treatment and reintegration, and alternative development, Drug cultivation, production and manufacture, Statistical activities, surveys and standards, Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Information on funding opportunities and the recipient organizations, Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ), Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols (UNTOC/COP), Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (COSP), IMOLIN - the international money laundering information network, International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (26 June), United Nations drug, crime and terrorism treaties, United Nations Trust Fund for Victims of Human Trafficking. Bribe Payers Index 2011. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Dubai: The International Cricket Council. doi: 10.1525/9780520911185. The ITF and FIA were the only two from the 2017 sample of ISGBs that defined the term bribery as the offering, promising, giving, accepting or soliciting of an advantage (whether financial or otherwise) as an inducement for an action which is illegal or a breach of trust (ITF, 2012), or the more specific improperly influenc[ing] anyone, or reward[ing] anyone for the performance of any function or activity, in order to secure or gain any commercial, contractual, regulatory or personal advantage (FIA, 2017b). Crossref. Even fewer ISGBs had the power to sanction, an important element of ABC to encourage compliance (Croall, 2004). For example, Duggan and Levit (Duggan and Levitt, 2002) found that increased media attention decreased match-fixing in sumo wrestling. International cooperation against corruption. Another day, another Olympic scandal - Yahoo Sports Code of Ethics of the ICC. Code of Ethics. Res. Combined, these factors have presented criminal networks with new opportunities to exploit sport for illicit profit. Available online at: https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/legal/judicial-bodies/ethics-committee/decisions/ (accessed December 16, 2020). Ethics, 425. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9216-0. Westminister Media Forum. Smith, A. C. T., and Stewart, B. Difficulties were also experienced with the FIFA hotline. Virtual Event | Corruption in International Sports: Delivering - Hudson As this framework is explicitly concerned with ABC in sport governance, and its production based on an amalgamation of interdisciplinary ABC research, this is the framework used in this paper. However, this study also highlights why best practice needs to be tailored to the sport industry as a whole, and why ISGBs should share and act on good practice (such as the examples provided by Interpol (2020) on their bi-weekly bulletins, or ESSA (2017). There were also limited references to best practice protection of whistleblowers' and/or witnesses' identity in policy breach proceedings to encourage the practice (Soon and Manning, 2017). IGF Code of Conduct for Tournament Support Personnel and Officials. (2017). UCI (n.d.). doi: 10.4324/9781315695709. ISGBs also noted specific responsibilities attached to roles, such as the Chief Administrative Officer shall see that FIA accounts are kept up to date (FIA, 2017d, 2019). Discretionary powers of governance officials affect levels of corruption (Klitgaard, 1988; Rose-Ackerman, 1999; Jain, 2001). SAINT-DENIS, France (AP) What was shaping up as a regular workday turned out to be anything but for the organizers of France's first summer Olympic Games in a century.. French anti-corruption police raided their bustling Olympic headquarters on the outskirts of Paris, arriving unannounced and accompanied by a magistrate from a French financial crimes prosecution unit that has made a . IFAF considers procurement in its policy noting that Particular care must be taken in relation to gifts offered by suppliers, other commercial partners and interested parties to influence decisions relating to the awarding of commercial contracts with IFAF, particularly for media rights, events and sponsorship (IFAF, 2017b). 55, January 20, 2015, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2546029. FIA Statutes. These were, on the whole, scarce, with some ISGBs making reference to reporting hotlines, which can help identify breaches (ACFE, 2016), and a minority to protection of whistleblowers, which help more come forward (Soon and Manning, 2017). Other best practice approaches were adopted by ISGBs. Despite continuing vulnerability to this form of corruption, there is limited literature on how International Sports Governing Bodies ("ISGBs") tackle bribery through the use of anti-bribery and corruption ("ABC") corporate governance and ethics policies. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.02.002, Henne, K. (2015). About AIBA. Lausanne: International Golf Federation. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. While sport has the power to inspire and unite, corruption and crime threaten to undermine its positive contribution to our lives. It is also a global symbol of fair play and a source of great joy for many people on this planet, whether participating, attending or watching events. Contact The Tennis Integrity Unit [Online]. In addition to measuring transparency and accountability, the GCR gives priority to participation, from sponsors to athletes to supporters an essential to restoring trust in sport.Download the full book below, or access individual articles here. Aigle: Union Cycliste Internationale. Drawing on multidisciplinary case studies from across the world, this is a seminal contribution to the academic study of corruption in sport. 17, 623. Sometimes independence is implied but not explicit, such as for The FIS Ethics Commission [which] is composed of five persons appointed by the FIS Council; three/four external to FIS and one/two members of the FIS Council (FIS, 2016b). Directive on the Protection of Persons Reporting on Breaches of Union Law. Int. Klitgaard (1988) and Rose-Ackerman (1999) correlate greater levels of administrator accountability to lower levels of corruption and, therefore, bribery. However, an individuals reputation depends not only on ones own behavior but also on the behavior of peers and the group dynamics. (2014). Lausanne: International Golf Federation. FIBA (2015). Zurich: FIFA. This paper undertakes a critical review of the diverse ABC governance policies in the largest ISGBs through content analysis on governance documents publically available on the sample ISGB websites. The meaning of corruption: testing the coherence and adequacy of corruption definitions. Transparency International (2011). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Eur. FIA Code of Ethics. World Rugby (2020b). Int. IFAF (2012). Bribery, in turn, is an outcome of a number of similar variables, both thematic and procedural, which need to be addressed in an ABC policy. FIFA Code of Ethics. 10. Global sports organisations and their governance. International Partnership against Corruption in Sport - Olympics.com Available online at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-fraud/legacy/2012/11/14/fcpa-english.pdf. Clarke, G. R. G., and Xu's, L. C. (2004). 31, 347357. Changing the game: outlook for the global sports market to 2015. An overview of content analysis. Take action and donate now to help us end corruption, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0. The Guardian. A Statistical Analysis, in Coventry: Centre for the International Business of Sport, Coventry. From doping and match-fixing to money laundering, corruption should be a concern to anybody interested in sport policy, management, governance, or ethics. Ethics audits and corporate governance: the case of public sector sports organizations. Over the past two decades, criminal activities in the sporting world have substantially increased. Croatia charges Modric, Lovren for perjury again | Malay Mail Rev. Review: the special features of sport: a critical revisit. With up to $1.7 trillion estimated to be wagered on illicit betting markets each year, it is a huge business for organized criminal groups. doi: 10.1080/02185370903077485, Kihl, L. A., Skinner, J., and Engelberg, T. (2017). All applied to officials (see, for example, IFAF, 2012; IIHF, 2014a; World Rugby, 2017; Wbsc, n.d.) and/or athletes and their representatives (IIHF, 2014a; WBC, 2015b). IOC (2017). Sometimes there was no clear enforcer defined, which is also problematic from an accountability viewpoint. N1 - Publisher Copyright: Integrity in Sport: From Institutional Corruption to Match-Fixing and Both athletes would be better off not engaging in doping in the first place. Govern. Sport is a global phenomenon engaging billions of people and generating annual revenues of more than US$145 billion. FIFA Statutes. Corruption in general, and its subset doping in particular, are ubiquitous in both amateur and professional sports and have taken the character of a systemic threat.1In creating unfair advantages, doping distorts the level playing field in sporting competition. FIFA resolved their issue for the 2020 sample and had multiple references to their confidential reporting system (FIFA, 2020b), although their Code of Conduct had nine references to report or contact the FIFA Compliance Division but no links to this or how to do this in the document (FIFA, 2020d). The majority of monitoring and control (Philippou, 2019) references related to whistleblowing. FIBA General Statutes. Accountability and responsibility defined. doi: 10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.04.002, Mcgrath, S. K., and Whitty, S. J. Once an athletes reputation is smeared, the loss of trust might translate into the fans distrust in institutions and weakening the effectiveness and trustworthiness of those institutions. Available online at: https://www.ifaf.org/downloads/14.%202017.%20Anti%20Corruption%20Code.pdf. Int. Manag.Finan. What leads to corruption in sports? Full article: Anti-bribery and corruption in sport mega-events IGF (2020d). Handjournal. Combating corruption. International Sports Governing Bodies (ISGBs) are diverse in their aims but share a need to maintain a reputation of accountability in the eyes of their stakeholders. Please refer to the LMS for up-to-date subject information, including assessment and participation requirements, for subjects being offered in 2020. This follows from the difficulty in . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8683.2005.00446.x. 3. CP compiled the dataset and conducted the analysis of the data. Criminology of Corruption: Theoretical Approaches. Instead, many of the ISGB Ethics Committees had the remit to investigate but not sanction, such as in the case of the FIA (2017b, 2020a), where the Ethics Committee shall submit a report to the President who may decide to take further action. Inability to sanction limits the value of the policies (Croall, 2004). (2016), who created a classification framework for content analysis of ISGBs' ethical codes' effectiveness. (2016). Transparency and accountability contribute to ABC as scrutiny of governance leads to lower levels of bribery. J. We argue that the mechanism of doping entails all the ingredients to distort fair competition and trust in a game, and consequently corrupts the entire sports system. Geneva: Federation Internationale De L'Automobile. Therefore, the list of profitability by sport is an incomplete one. The codes were then compared to the framework and a final analysis was performed on the data to ensure both the themes arising from the data and framework concepts were covered in the analysis. For example, the majority of FIFA's 2016 income came from licensing rights to third parties (FIFA, 2017b) compared to World Rugby (2016) from merchandising (directly from fans). This is the first book to explore the complexity of sport corruption in terms of its conceptualisation, causes, consequences, and reform. Play the Game analyses and reports. Corruption in businessare management attitudes right? Available online at: https://www.ifaf.org/governance/corporate-documents#.X9ocYNj7TIU (accessed December 16, 2020). This paper's contribution to knowledge is a critical review of the diverse current ISGB anti-corruption governance policies for the prevention of bribery. What is more, performing doping tests entails enormous annual costs to society. (2007). Welcome to the IGF's Integrity and Compliance Hotline. This paper's research aim is an exploratory qualitative evaluation of ABC policies of ISGBs with regards to policy content and language. In line with Transparency International's (Transparency International, 2013a) ABC Principles, perception appears to matter to ISGBs. Available online at: https://www.igfgolf.org/integrity-new/igfs-integrity-and-compliance-hotline-play-clean (accessed December 16, 2020). For example, FIBA (2015) maintains a list of violations and sanctions which is made available on the FIBA website, while FIFA (2017a, 2020c) publishes Ethics Committee matters and sanctions. If that confidence is undermined, the very essence of the sport is compromised (IFAF, 2017a). 2018 Lisa A. Kihl. These are based on two fundamentally different approaches and can be regarded as representative of many anti-corruption measures in sport. Lausanne: International Golf Federation. This may be in part due to the sense in which sport is a public good even if the bodies running it are not. ITF (2020b). This is a positive step toward transparency (Maennig, 2005; Geeraert et al., 2013). This also links in with the idea of discretionary powers (Klitgaard, 1988). Ethical codes in sports organizations: classification framework, content analysis, and the influence of content on code effectiveness. (Geeraert et al., 2014) assessed the corporate governance quality in 35 Olympic sport governing bodies, including enforcement powers of the Ethics/Integrity Committees of their sample ISGBs. (2015). Despite continuing vulnerability to this form of corruption, there is limited literature on how International Sports Governing Bodies (ISGBs) tackle bribery through the use of anti-bribery and corruption (ABC) corporate governance and ethics policies. Globalization has played a role, as have factors such as the huge influx of money going into sports, the rapid growth of legal and illegal sports betting, and a changing technological landscape which has transformed the way in which sport is played and consumed. Int. Sebastian Coe Faces Increasing Scrutiny Over What He Knew at IAAF. 5. Morgan, L. (2020). The international nature of FIFA, football and other sports also negates legal definitions of corruption. Non-financial bribery was defined in one of three ways in the sample, with some ISGBs incorporating more than one definition: benefit or service of any nature (see, for example, FIBA, 2014a; IIHF, 2014a; IGF, 2016b; FIA, 2017b), pecuniary/ monetary or other benefit/advantage (FIFA, 2012b; ITF, 2012; IAAF, 2015; FIS, 2016b), concealed benefit (see, for example, FIH, 2012, n.d.; IOC, 2015a; UCI, n.d.). Asian J. Polit. Our cooperation with UNODC is vital. What is transparency? Conceptualising Corruption in Sport: Implications for Sponsorship Programmes. 119:2630. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-01-2017-0001. FIA Statutes. There are, of course, limitations to generalizing the results of this study to all ISGBs. Preventing corruption in the planning of major sporting events: open issues, in Global Corruption Report: Sport, ed Transparency International (Abingdon: Routledge), 372. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2973288, Masters, A. Aarhus: Play The Game. 14 December 2021 - Corruption in sport is not a new phenomenon. The sports industry at large generates on average between 2.5 and 3.5 of the GDP of countries.3An athletes incentives to win are shaped not only by the (expected) inflow of prize money but also by the ascending prestige that is intertwined with ones pursuit of self-fulfillment.
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