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Effects of immersive, sexually objectifying, and violent video games on hostile sexism in males. Sex Roles 83, 254266 (2019). 2. The object of my aggression: sexual objectification increases physical aggression toward women. A. J. Article 120, 106964 (2021). Hafezi, P. Security forces tear gas students defying Iran protest ultimatum. Psychol. Vaughan-Turnbull, C. & Lewis, V. Body image, objectification, and attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. & Griffiths, K. M. Self-objectification and depression: an integrative systematic review. Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Psychology Department, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in Psychol. & Ferguson, C. Examining the effects of exposure to a sexualized female video game protagonist on womens body image. To study the awareness level of women in. J. Commun. 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Understanding the link between mens alcohol use and sexual violence perpetration: the mediating role of sexual objectification. Digital manipulation of women's images causes objectification of the female body in society (Piran 2001; show more content 2008). Emerg. Soc. Sink, A. 84106 (Oxford Univ. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M. & Twenge, J. M. That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. 46, 209225 (2022). Body Image 33, 190198 (2020). 121, 11951222 (2021). Examining the association between sexism, self-objectification, empowerment, and alcohol-related problems: pathways through drinking to cope. Sport. Sexiness on social media: the social costs of using a sexy profile photo. However, research has recently suggested that self-objectification is a male phenomenon as well, which can be inscribed . Perception isnt so simple: commentary on Bernard, Gervais, Allen, Campomizzi, and Klein (2012). Ghaznavi, J., Grasso, K. & Taylor, L. Increasingly violent but still sexy: a decade of central female characters in top-grossing Hollywood and Bollywood film promotional material. Using Barbara L. Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts' objectification theory as a framework, the contributors address various aspects of the theory, including evidence for and causes of self-objectification across the life span, psychological consequences, and associated mental health risks. 20, 936964 (2016). Psychol. The effects of posture suggestiveness and revealing clothing on dehumanization. Objectification of Women Countless men are socialized by their fathers, brothers, and male peers to objectify, dominate, and degrade women. What drives female objectification? An investigation of appearance BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22, 122 (2022). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Galdi, S. & Guizzo, F. Media-induced sexual harassment: the routes from sexually objectifying media to sexual harassment. Ramsey, L. & Horan, A. J. Exp. A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Objectification and Motherhood Body gaze as a marker of sexual objectification: a new scale for pervasive gaze and gaze provocation behaviors in heterosexual women and men. Kim, S. Y., Seo, Y. S. & Baek, K. Y. Myers, T. A. Bull. Sun, Q. Selfie editing and consideration of cosmetic surgery among young Chinese women: the role of self-objectification and facial dissatisfaction. Her research area is body image, particularly interpersonal and media influences on body image. A. The sexual objectification and alcohol use link: the mediating roles of self-objectification, enjoyment of sexualization, body shame, and drinking motives. 46, 268270 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02884-8 (2022). Ainley, V. & Tsakiris, M. Body conscious? Bernard, P., Gervais, S. 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Self-objectification and well-being: the impact of self-objectification on womens overall sense of self-worth and life satisfaction. Mustafa, S. & Akram, M. Self-consciousness, self-objectification, and social anxiety as predictors of photo editing behavior among emerging adults. Teng, F., Gao, W., Huang, X. Couns. So, here's my developing idea: If one makes an effort to suspend the sexual component and any ethnic or religious prejudices - it is fair to suggest that the Soccer Mom who goes grocery shopping in a tennis skirt with a bare midriff, the Islamic woman who wears a burqa (complete head-to-toe covering, only the eyes showing) while in public, and the Hassidic or orthodox Jewish woman who wears a wig (to cover her hair) while also covering her elbows and knees, are all at the sufferance of the same societal objectification and variations of the same societal object - they are all the same thing'. Psychol. 35, 517 (2011). Aggress. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, More from Michael J. Formica EdM, NCC, LPC. Theory Res. Sex Roles 71, 159170 (2014). Cult. Cult. Child. Ghaznavi, J. Cole, E. R. Intersectionality and research in psychology. 39, 67106 (2011). Nechita, D., Bud, S. & David, D. Shame and eating disorders symptoms: a metaanalysis. J. Couns. Sex. 27, 12051217 (2021). Fioravanti, G., Svicher, A., Ceragioli, G., Bruni, V. & Casale, S. Examining the impact of daily exposure to body-positive and fitspiration Instagram content on young womens mood and body image: an intensive longitudinal study. Sex Roles 78, 311324 (2018). Bull. By Nicole Lopez. & Cadinu, M. Objectifying media: their effect on gender role norms and sexual harassment of women. & Cameron, L. Sexualization in U.S. Latina and white girls preferred childrens television programs. Perceptions of a girl in childlike vs. sexualizing clothing. 249271 (American Psychological Association, 2018). J. Soc. The risks and rights of sexualization: an appreciative commentary on Lerum and Dworkins bad girls rule. Schooler, D. The woman next to me: pairing powerful and objectifying representations of women. Guizzo, F. & Cadinu, M. Effects of objectifying gaze on female cognitive performance: the role of flow experience and internalization of beauty ideals. Sex Roles 77, 533549 (2017). Health Commun. The impact of appearance-focused social comparisons on body image disturbance in the naturalistic environment: the roles of thin-ideal internalization and feminist beliefs. Soc. Soc. Rasmussen, E. & Densley, R. Girl in a country song: gender roles and objectification of women in popular country music across 1990 to 2014. Body Image 24, 512 (2018). Direct and indirect effects of exposure to sexual objectification on womens emotions in daily life. 44, 4049 (2019). 26, 371379 (2002). Psychol. Soc. Issues Public Policy 16, 143174 (2016). Psychol. Public Policy Law 19, 206221 (2013). & Moody, A. T. A sociocultural examination of body image among Black women. Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S. & Thompson, J. K. (eds) Self-Objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions (American Psychological Association, 2011). Couns. Soc. & Shnabel, N. The Madonnawhore dichotomy is associated with patriarchy endorsement: evidence from Israel, the United States, and Germany. Self-Objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions & Mazzeo, S. E. Testing a moderated mediation model of objectification theory among Black women in the United States: the role of protective factors. 30, 5964 (2006). Soc. Pop. Comput. Dunn, C., Hood, K. & Owens, B. Loving myself through thick and thin: appearance contingent self-worth, gendered racial microaggressions and African American womens body appreciation. & Garcia, J. Violence 37, 14301455 (2020). & McIntyre, E. Female self-sexualization in MySpace.com personal profile photographs. Gerding, A. Sex Roles 48, 377388 (2003). Res. Sexual objectification, or sexualization, means turning a woman into a sexual thing. 75, 269284 (1998). Sci. Body image 13, 3845 (2015). Garcia, R., Earnshaw, V. & Quinn, D. Objectification in action: self- and other-objectification in mixed-sex interpersonal interactions. Article 81, 198208 (2018). J. Interpers. We all fail in a system that values only our bodies at the expense of our humanity. Psychol. Rev. 5, 18 (2017). Transgender people of colors experiences of sexual objectification: locating sexual objectification within a matrix of domination. The influence of self-objectification on appearance anxiety, intrinsic motivation, interoceptive awareness, and physical performance. Psychol. Counsel. Psychol. Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E. & Bardone-Cone, A. M. Examining prospective mediation models of body surveillance, trait anxiety, and body dissatisfaction in African American and Caucasian college women. Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. Strong is the new skinny: a content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram. & Marquez, A. Keywords sexual objectification, sexual assault, self-objectification, feminism, substance abuse Objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) provides a framework Sex Educ. Sarabia, I. Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions. Cult. J. Kevin Thompson, PhD, is a professor of psychology at the University of South Florida in Tampa. Progesterone Test. Szymanski, D., Swanson, C. & Carretta, R. Interpersonal sexual objectification, fear of rape, and U.S. college womens depression. Body Image 19, 104112 (2016). Clin. Sci. Psychol. J. Women Q. Bartky, S. L. Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression (Routledge, 1990). Karsay, K., Knoll, J. Riemer, A. R. et al. 38, 389413 (2014). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to Bernard, P. & Wollast, R. Why is sexualization dehumanizing? 47, 13631372 (2018). Behav. Most importantly, we introduce an integrative process model, suggesting that the reported effects are triggered by four different mechanisms: appearance monitoring, experience of discrepancy from appearance standards, stereotype threat, and activation of the "sex object" schema. Res. Female Objectification: Who's Really to Blame - More Than A Body J. 36, 6675 (2012). King, J. Psychol. J. Body Image 40, 200206 (2022). Wiener, R. L., Gervais, S. J., Allen, J. Psychol. Calogero, R. M. & Thompson, J. K. Potential implications of the objectification of womens bodies for womens sexual satisfaction. Given the negative effects associated with self-objectification-such as body shame, appearance anxiety, depression, and disordered eating-an . Dis. An evaluation of a theoretical model predicting dieting behaviors: tests of measurement and structural invariance across ethnicity and gender. Rep. 9, 6699 (2019). Psychol. Psychol. Compared to younger White women, older White women tend to report significantly lower levels of self-objectification and body shame (Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001), but whether or not age is protective against self-objectification for women in other ethnic groups has not been examined. The Objectification Of Women - 1031 Words | Cram Sexualization reduces helping intentions towards female victims of intimate partner violence through mediation of moral patiency. 37, 5568 (2011). Psychol. 29, 207219 (2005). 4, 3146 (2016). Guizzo, F. & Cadinu, M. Women, not objects: testing a sensitizing web campaign against female sexual objectification to temper sexual harassment and hostile sexism. Body Image 34, 184195 (2020). My research has led me to the (oddly, not so obvious) conclusion that the societal objectification of women and the sexual objectification of women are two threads in the same strand. Self-objectification in women : causes, consequences, and 24, 608617 (2012). 39, 458570 (2015). The theory states that girls and women experience three types of sexual objectification exposures: Direct comments from those around them including unsolicited remarks about what they look like and advice on how to improve their appearance J. Dev. Netw. & Syed, M. Self-objectification and sexual satisfaction: a preregistered test of the replicability and robustness of Calogero and Thompson (2009) in a sample of US women. & DHondt-Taylor, M. The role of state mindfulness during yoga in predicting self-objectification and reasons for exercise. Sex Roles 70, 4356 (2014). Loughnan, S. et al. Krumpal, I. Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review. Couns. Lewis, J. Cogoni, C., Carnaghi, A. Self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating: testing a core mediational model of objectification theory among white, Black, and Hispanic women. Body Image 33, 129136 (2020). & Tiggemann, M. A picture is worth a thousand words: the effect of viewing celebrity Instagram images with disclaimer and body positive captions on womens body image. 45, 214223 (2019). Media Psychol. Seabrook, R., Ward, L. M. & Giaccardi, S. Less than human? Nature Reviews Psychology thanks Abigail Riemer and the other, anonymous, reviewer for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Pract. Int. Body Image 11, 509515 (2014). Body Image 11, 547556 (2014). Racial identity differences in pathways from sociocultural and obj constructs to body satisfaction: the US Body Project I. World soccer governing body FIFA will allow a variety of different armbands that highlight "a range of social causes" to be worn at the upcoming Women's World Cup in Australia and New . L. Monique Ward. The Objectification theory states that women take on society's views of their own bodies and from it . Pers. Women Q. Sex Roles 64, 173191 (2011). Fairchild, K. & Rudman, L. Everyday stranger harassment and womens objectification. NeuroReport 29, 4853 (2018). Sexual objectification and waitresses body dissatisfaction. Games Health J. Res. Fredrickson, B. L. & Roberts, T. Objectification theory: toward understanding womens lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychol. 9, 553560 (2020). & Dunbar, L. Selfie-objectification: self-objectification and positive feedback (likes) are associated with frequency of posting sexually objectifying self-images on social media. 21, 1535 (2017). Psychol. Hanna, E. et al. Women are often victims of processes of objectification that occur whenever a woman is reduced to her body or certain body parts. Kozak, M., Roberts, T. & Patterson, K. She stoops to conquer? Psychol. 36, 571596 (2007). Health Med. J. Health Commun. Stay mindful and at peace with the ever-changing stream of consciousness. 36, 314325 (2012). & Brown, Z. Loveyourbody: the effect of body positive Instagram captions on womens body image. A., Stiner, E. R. & Doyle, L. A. Visser, B. Brock, R., Ramsdell, E., Sez, G. & Gervais, S. Perceived humanization by intimate partners during pregnancy is associated with fewer depressive symptoms, less body dissatisfaction, and greater sexual satisfaction through reduced self-objectification. The effects of advertisements that sexually objectify women on state 44, 145157 (2007). Affect. Daniels, E. A., Layh, M. & Porzelius, L. Grooming ten-year-olds with gender stereotypes? Br. Pop. Karsay, K., Matthes, J., Platzer, P. & Plinke, M. Adopting the objectifying gaze: exposure to sexually objectifying music videos and subsequent gazing behavior. Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) suggests that the experience of being treated as a body or collection of body parts to be used by others contributes to women's mental health risks. Strelan, P. & Hargreaves, D. Reasons for exercise and body esteem: mens responses to self-objectification. Health Commun. Tylka, T. L. & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. You looking at her hot body may not be cool for me: integrating male partners pornography use into objectification theory for women. & Major, B. 24, 249291 (1995). Psychol. Psychol. 8, 346357 (2019). I'm currently writing an article on the sexualization of women in Western society. Lindner, D. & Tantleff-Dunn, S. The development and psychometric evaluation of the self-objectification beliefs and behaviors scale. Her research and clinical work include a focus on interpersonal psychotherapy, particularly as they relate to body image, eating disturbance, and obesity. Women Q. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843221115335 (2022). Disord. As children, people innately know how to play, but this often gets lost in the busyness of adult lives. Roles 83, 315327 (2020). Aggress. 38, 379397 (2014). Psychol. Body image and face image in Asian American and white women: examining associations with surveillance, construal of self, perfectionism, and sociocultural pressures. Gervais, S. J., Wiener, R. L., Allen, J., Farnum, K. S. & Kimble, K. Do you see what I see? Eye of the beholder: effects of perspective and sexual objectification on harassment judgments. Sexual objectification in education: how do teachers perceive and Gothreau, C. Sex objects: how self-objectification undermines political efficacy and engagement. Dr. Tantleff-Dunn is coauthor of Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance, and she serves on the editorial boards of Body Image: An International Journal of Research and Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention.
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