Here is a basic structure for writing a discussion section for a lab report: Each section of a lab report serves a specific purpose. Describe the problem investigated. The example below does not include a list of materials used. It is important to be realistic here and to come up with proposals that are achievable within the scope of your research. adults with heart disease, children, etc.). No mistakes and data inaccuracies should be included, as it may affect the quality and relevance of the paper. Statements with we investigated or we studied generally do not belong in the discussion. The title expresses the topic of your research. a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis. It should summarize the findings and provide an objective review of the experiment. One point of contention was using the orange juice solution, which conferred color to the starting solution, rendering it green before the reaction started. Fax: 503-777-7769. Fifth instars are shiny blue-black and almost adult-sized. Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, V Oak Leaf Design, Star V Design and Anchor Down are trademarks of The Vanderbilt University, In order to access certain content on this page, you may need to download, How to Schedule a Writing Consultation (In-Person and Online Appointments), Get to Know the Writing Studio: Undergraduate Edition, Get to Know the Writing Studio: Graduate and Professional Student Edition, Campus Transportation and Safety Resources, Welcome! Terms and Conditions You should start by summarizing your findings and then explaining what they mean about the hypothesis or question that you were investigating. Secondly, they suggest that caffeine may not be an effective means of increasing heart rate in healthy adults, which could have implications for its use in sports medicine. [CDATA[ Now that we've established what this whole thing actually is, let's talk about doing discussion for lab report properly. } What is a lab report? The male behavior of mounting other adults (male or female) and not nymphs may indicate that there are pheromonal differences between nymphs and adults but not between adult males and females. This is an important part of the discussion section as it allows you to show that you understand the scientific process and that you are thinking critically about your data. Use literature to support your arguments, statements, and generalizations. Then comes the discussion paragraph. Highlighting these implications while not overstating the findings can be challenging, especially when youre submitting to a journal that selects articles based on novelty or potential impact. A well-written lab report discussion section contextualizes your findings. The C/D ratio for our objects is essentially constant (3. . Do they add further evidence to a scientific consensus or disprove prior studies? Figure 1: Mean male mount time (sec) with 95% confidence intervals under three experimental conditions. Mirror the introduction in structure and scope, Explain how your results compare with existing research, Extrapolate beyond the scope of the paper. Pheromone strains of the cosmopolitan pest, Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). All rights reserved, How to Write a Good Conclusion For a Lab Report, How to Write a Personal Statement For University. How to Write a Lab Report: Writing Steps, Format & Examples - StudyCrumb How to write a biology lab report + examples - Tutlance Learn Sean is a consultant for clients in the pharmaceutical industry and is an associate lecturer at La Trobe University, where unfortunate undergrads are subject to his ramblings on chemistry and pharmacology. . Including limitations and negative results will give readers a complete understanding of the presented research. Knowing the time that users spend on their smartphones during the day encourages examining applications that are particularly popular among the target group. After excluding the mount time for the male that failed to mount, the results did not differ qualitatively from the above: no significant differences were found. If you wonder how to write it for your paper, you should be able to analyze all previous sections of your document. 7. Graham, S. M., W. B. Watt and L. F. Gall. Academic Press, New York. Use the Chemdraw chemistry drawing program for all structures in your report. Search, Return to Laboratory report Instruction main page Example of a poorly written lab report, (single-spaced to conserve paper; yours should be double-spaced to leave room for comments), Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae), Carey Booth Box 123 Biology 102 2 February 1995 Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday. The discussion section of the lab report explains the importance of the results and gives a comprehensive interpretation of the experiment procedure. Adults (both males and females) are black with orange borders around the thickened portion of the hemelytra and pronotum (Booth, 1990b). Do not use bulleted lists and do not include the reagents table from your lab notebook pages. The discussion laboratory report outline should include the following: Look for any potential sources of experimental error, Make suggestions for future research improvements. Propose ideas for future research:Did your research generate questions for future research? Another downside of Benedicts reagent is its inability to react with non-reducing sugars. Afterward comes the second part, which includes: The course title. The plant height measurement approach was also a drawback of the study, as the measuring tape was not suited for plants with extreme curvature. A section of lab report discussion example is shown below: The findings are backed with the theory that nitrogen levels influence plant height, with higher levels resulting in taller plants. Make your work accessible to all, without restrictions, and accelerate scientific discovery with options like preprints and published peer review that make your work more Open. Method - How you conducted the practical work and how any data processed. It should include: Tip: Not all journals share the same naming conventions. Introduction: provides the context for understanding the topic. Explain any agreements, contradictions, or exceptions. Other experiments are necessary to determine the nature of the communication between adults and between adults and nymphs. Is CustomEssayMeister Trustworthy for Writing a Lab Report? Also, since comparing colors using eyesight alone is inaccurate, the experiment could be improved with a colorimeter that can accurately determine the exact wavelength of light absorbed by the solution. Survey findings indicated mobile application range that is most popular with the target group, which suggests insights into smartphone model to be preferred. What is 2023 EduBirdie.com. A successful discussion section puts your findings in context. Disaccharides like sucrose and trehalose cannot be oxidized, hence are non-reducing and will not react with Benedicts reagent. Get original papers written according to your instructions. Why do you think you found what you did? If any external sources were used in writing the lab report, they should go here. It means that Samsung is more feasible with regard to the ratio between options and price range. A thorough examination of discovered trends is required to identify a model to be purchased and promote an appropriate and expedient use of phones. If dealing with a contemporary or ongoing problem, such as climate change, discuss possible consequences if the problem is avoided. How to Write a Discussion Section | Tips & Examples Insect sex pheromones. A Reagent for the Detection of Reducing Sugars. Explanation might focus on scientific reasoning that supported original hypothesis and on alterations or errors in experimental procedure and how they could have affected the outcomes. The findings of this study have several important implications. What Is a Laboratory Report Discussion Section? Should be written in past tense and be about 1 paragraph long (for each distinct reaction). The discussion must therefore address the following essential questions: Remember that this section forms the bottom of the hourglass it should mirror the introduction by first focusing on your hypotheses and interpretation of results, and then gradually expanding to make comparisons with previous research, to provide implications of your study and to pose questions for future work and completes the cycle of the scientific method. First instars are bright red, second through fifth instars are shiny blue-black, and adults are black with orange markings. Accordant to the respondents, camera, internet browsing and social media were much less favorite features in their mobiles. Whatever branch of engineering you are studying, many of your labs and lab based assignments will require a written report. It provides an analysis of customers behavioral patterns with an aim to identify smartphone models within a reasonable price to be procured for the company employees. Experimental Reports 1 - Purdue OWL - Purdue University Titles should be straightforward, informative, and less than ten words (i.e. The second treatment was clear finish on the dorsum to control for covering the dorsal surface, which may reduce any scent emitted or otherwise affect the female's behavior. Males of the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) release a pheromone that attracts females, males, late-stage nymphs, and a parasitoid (Aldrich et al., 1987). Introduce new or expanded ways to think about the research question. Some reports require you to write down the materials used, which can be combined with this section. If your hypothesis was disproved, what might be the reasons? This design allows for a repeated measures analysis of variance as each male is tested with the same female under three different paint conditions. Lets get started! Each male was introduced one at a time into the box at the point farthest from the female. Use the future or conditional to suggest what you will study in the future (e.g., future studies should investigate). Student Tutorial: Introduction to Writing Lab Reports - The Parts of a Ontogenetic color change at sexual maturation can be useful in identifying an appropriate mate for some organisms. Males were never observed to mount nymphs. Below is an example of a discussion section from a college lab report. Females of Dysdercus cingulatus and Pyrrhocoris apterus also produce substances attractive to males (Osmani and Naidu, 1967; Zdarek, 1970). Osmani, Z. and M. B. Naidu. How to write a lab report for chemistry How to write an introduction for a lab How to write an executive summary for a Descriptive Essay Definition, How To Write Guide, Examples, How to write a business plan step-by-step, How to Write a Case Study Analysis | Definition, Examples, How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay | Definition, Outline, Topics, Examples, How To Write a Reflection Paper | Definition, Outline, Examples, How to Write a Research Paper: Step By Step Guide, How to Write an Analytical Essay | Definition, Format, Outline, Examples, How to Write an Annotated Bibliography | Definition, Examples, How to Write an Evaluation Essay | Definitions, Topics, Examples, How to write an exemplification essay + Examples, Tutlance - Private & Peer Tutoring Online Service. Ontogenetic color change at the time of sexual maturation has been shown to be advantageous to fish (Fricke 1980), reptiles (Werner, 1978), and birds (Lyon and Montgomerie, 1986). Step 1: Summarize your key findings Step 2: Give your interpretations Step 3: Discuss the implications Step 4: Acknowledge the limitations Step 5: Share your recommendations Discussion section example Frequently asked questions about discussion sections What not to include in your discussion section This option is suitable for students who lack the knowledge or environment to complete their lab reports on time. a discussion of related research, and a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis. Accompanying this report is a Lab Handout that states what the instructors expected as far as the scope of the experiment and the depth and . Natl. Please enter phone for your order updates and other important order related communication. Delayed plumage maturation in passerine birds: reliable signaling by subordinate males? This will reinforce the main take-away for the reader and set up the rest of the discussion. Purpose: Why do we care?Relative size: 40-45% of totalScope: Narrow to broad: the bottom of the hourglassVerb Tense: Use the past tense to refer to results from your experiment or from other studies (e.g., the results supported my hypothesis that). Ask for help with any form of tutoring and academic writing assistance at Tutlance. 4 ml of milk, chicken solution and orange juice (commercially available) were measured in test tubes, along with 4 ml of bread solution. // How to Write the Discussion in a Lab Report - Tutorsploit Learn how to choose a journal that will help your study reach its audience, while reflecting your values as a researcher, Ensure appropriateness and rigor, avoid flexibility and above all never manipulate results In many fields, a statistical analysis forms the heart of, A thoughtful, thorough approach to your revision response now can save you time in further rounds of review. Both results and discussion lab report elements are essential. @2019 - All Right Reserved. As expected, those who maintained a high physical activity level had the lowest risk of hip fracture, but there was also a tendency towards a lower risk of fracture for those who increased their level of activity compared with those who reduced their level of activity, or compared with those who reported constant low activity. Not "Lab #4" but "Lab #4: Sample Analysis using the Debye-Sherrer Method"). Because the maximal time males were allowed to stay in the box without mounting the female was chosen arbitrarily, the one case where a male did not mount the female within the allotted 270 seconds could have biased the results (Table 1). What recommendations can you make? Clear paint on the dorsum = Clear treatment. We offer our gratitude to First Peoples for their care for, and teachings about, our earth and our relations. Behaviour 37: 253-268. What problems did you encounter in carrying out an experiment and how could you overcome these in future investigations? Figure 2: Mean male mount time (sec) with 95% confidence intervals for three control trials. Include a major piece of proof to back up your claim. Now, following acad read more. For example, if there is a problem with the methods, maybe the experiment should be reproduced with an added step. If unclear, it is best to check with your teacher or demonstrator before writing your lab report from scratch. Physics Lab Report Template 10+ Lab Report Examples 1. Discuss the significance or ramifications of your research findings and make recommendations for future research. Collect precipitate by suction filtration and wash with a few mL of water. Highlight any unexpected results or outlying data points. Abstract:Food products (milk, chicken, bread, orange juice) were solubilized and tested for reducing sugars using Benedicts reagent. Also, ensure that your report contains a thread of arguments connecting the forecast in the intro to the material . State, in a sentence or two, whether results from the lab fully keep up with your hypothesis, dont support it, or support it with some exceptions. e.style.display="block" In addition, you can always turn to our service for assistance with discussion writing and receive professional support from the best experts in academic field. The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior could not be rejected, therefore the significance of the color change from nymph to adult must be sought elsewhere. Engineering: Lab report. Now the question of how to make discussion in lab report wont be an issue for you. 1967. How To Write A Discussion For A Lab Report Like A Pro 1980. How did you come up with these ideas for your research? 1987. It is important to be specific here and to avoid generalizations. Title J. Linn. Black and clear paint on the dorsum = Normal treatment. Are obtained results the same or different from those expected? Use detailed instances when illustrating limitations. Include a paragraph describing your grasp of a scientific topic to explain why the end data supported or disproved the initial premise. If the relative flexibility of the primate larynx is robust to future analyses with more clades, it would indicate an increased capacity to explore trait space in our lineage, which may in turn explain why primates have developed such diverse and complex uses of the vocal organ., This further reinforces the notion that beyond being the apex predator of the latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems, the tyrannosaurids were amongst the most accomplished hunters amongst large bodied theropods. A sample lab report for this activity is provided as an example for you to follow when writing future lab reports. It is important to be objective here and to avoid speculating about things that are beyond the scope of your data. This trend indicates major transformations in consumers behavioural patterns regarding mobile use. Overstate the importance of your findings. In holometabolous insects, such as Lepidoptera, maturation is associated with dramatic morphological changes, therefore distinguishing between larvae and adults for mating attempts is not difficult. Aldrich, J. R., J. E. Oliver, W. R. Lusby, J. P. Kochansky and J. By reading them and making deductions, you discuss the results of the research and its findings. Include a paragraph that identifies specific data from your lab that led to hypothesis support or reject. Clear = Clear paint on the dorsum to control for covering the dorsal surface. A practical lab report discussion tells readers what they can learn from your experiment and puts the results in context. How to Write a Psychology Lab Report Why was your study important? The trend in Table two was also consistent with Boyles law. During lectures, students may get very tired listening to a large scope of new information and trying to understand it. How does outcomes relate to an experimental objective? Lab reports can vary in length and format. You should also consider the implications of your findings and what they could mean for future research. Biology of Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae). During a course of study in college or university, youll most probably encounter one. It is important to remember that your data can never prove a hypothesis. Remember that the whole report should be written in a passive voice. 15.3: Example of Laboratory Report - Engineering LibreTexts After your discussion section, your lab report should include a list of the references you used in your experiment and lab report. Use a formal tone of writing throughout the report. Example of a poorly written lab report (single-spaced to conserve paper; yours should be double-spaced to leave room for comments) Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae) Carey Booth Box 123 Biology 102 2 February 1995 Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday Abstract They allow you to synthesize the data you have collected and learn from your experiments. This suggests that caffeine does not affect heart rate in healthy adults. a. Below are 6 steps in writing a great lab report introduction section: Introduce the topic of the lab report Briefly describe the purpose of the lab report Describe the methods used in the lab report Summarize the results of the lab report Discuss the significance of the results Conclude with a summary of the lab report 1. In diurnal Lepidoptera, adult color pattern plays an important role in the initial phase of mating behavior (Graham et al., 1980). It was hypothesized that the dogs would be able to retain all of the training commands for six weeks after the initial training sessions. For starters, you need to be aware that there is a particular lab report format that you need to adhere to. The recognition of maturity is more difficult in hemimetabolous insects where late instars may be similar to adults in size and shape. What if we didnt need to spend hours agonizing over this piece of scientific writing? 77: 3615-3619. Engineering: Lab report - Learn HQ When you introduce the findings of your experiment, you should be clear and concise. For example, if random error played a significant role in your study's measurements, identify the specific sources of error (e.g., inaccurate equipment) and discuss how to improve them. Oshawa, ON Canada, L1J 5Y1, Transition to University - Advice for First Year, Level Up: Resources for Upper-Year Students. In addition, you should also discuss any limitations of your experiment and what further research needs to be done to answer the question that you were investigating. These bugs do not fly and are easily handled and painted without significantly disrupting their normal behavior. Mating behaviour in the bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera): ontogeny and its environmental control. It is very important to make this comparison as turning back to hypothesis is crucial for scientific thinking. One-way, repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test for differences in males' time to mount among the three treatments and among the three control trials. Lab Report Template 2. The discussion laboratory report outline should include the following: Analyze the outcomes Compare the results to your expectations Look for any potential sources of experimental error Describe any unexpected outcomes Use the present to suggest implication of your study (e.g., these results suggest that). It typically includes sections such as introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. Did you get the data you were looking for? Have you fulfilled aims of your experiment? A well-written lab report discussion section contextualizes your findings. In one sentence, state the hypothesis. function toggleMe(a){ You should also consider whether your findings challenge any existing theories or hypotheses. 1986. The first thing to note is that you shouldn't discuss outcomes that are presented in results. Science: Lab report - Learn HQ - Monash University Peterborough, ON Canada, K9L 0G2, 55 Thornton Road South What are possible sources of error? 244: 171-175. Complete Guide to Writing a Lab Report (With Example)
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