[124][nb 16], After staying for a period in Robert's stronghold of Bristol, Matilda established her court in nearby Gloucester, still safely in the south-west but far enough away for her to remain independent of her half-brother. Stephen and Matilda (r. 1135-1154) | The Royal Family The uneasy divide continued until Henry captured and imprisoned his elder brother. [45], Succession crisis[edit] Picture of the White Ship sinking, A 14th-century depiction of the White Ship sinking of 1120 In 1120, the English political landscape changed dramatically after the White Ship disaster. Henry I. named Matilda his heir in January 1127. [16] On 25 July Matilda was crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. [118], Civil War[edit] Main article: The Anarchy Initial moves[edit] A colour coded map of England showing the political factions in 1140, Political map of Wales and southern England in 1140; areas under Matilda's control (blue); Stephen's (red); Welsh (grey) Empress Matilda's invasion finally began at the end of the summer. [43], Now aged 23, Matilda had only limited options as to how she might spend the rest of her life. [209] Frederick was bought off with an alternative set of expensive gifts from England, including a huge, luxurious tent, probably chosen by Matilda, which Frederick used for court events in Italy. He returned to England again between 1149 and 1150. The Empress Matilda 'Maud Beauclerc Of England, Empress Of Germany 1167; William Beauclerc Prince Of England, Duke of Normandy /1103-1120 Half-siblings. Death: 10 September 1169 . Matilda (Normandie) of England (1102-1167) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Henry and Adeliza did not conceive any children, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk. [54] Henry might have also considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this. She used the title of Lady of the English and planned to assume the title of queen upon coronation (the custom which was followed by her grandsons, Richard and John). [119] The following month, the Empress was invited by her stepmother, Queen Adeliza, to land at Arundel instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and Matilda arrived in England with a force of 140 knights. His eldest son, Robert, became Duke of Normandy, while the next youngest, William, became king of England. The Geneanet family trees are . [140] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the Angevin army. [160] Matilda decided to escape from the city with Fitz Count and Reginald of Cornwall, while the rest of her army delayed the royal forces. [29] The titles of emperor and empress were not always consistently used in this period, and in any case her use of the title became widely accepted. [47], With William dead, the succession to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Empress Matilda, First & Second marriage, Civil war - School History [143] Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. [249], Matilda has attracted relatively little attention from modern English academics, being treated as a marginal figure in comparison to other contemporaries, particularly her rival Stephen, in contrast to the work carried out by German scholars on her time in the Empire. [198] Geoffrey sent the Bishop of Throuanne to Rome in 1148 to campaign for Henry's right to the English throne, and opinion within the English Church gradually shifted in Henry's favour. [82] It is uncertain what, if anything, Henry said about the succession before his death. [99] Geoffrey invaded Normandy in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded again later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. [186] Some of the Anglo-Norman barons made individual peace agreements with each other to secure their lands and war gains, and many were not keen to pursue any further conflict. Henry was born in Maine at Le Mans on 5 March 1133, the eldest child of the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. [157] In response, in July Matilda and Robert of Gloucester besieged Henry of Blois in his episcopal castle at Winchester, using the royal castle in the city as the base for their operations. [179] Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. [80] This would have given the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death, but the King angrily refused, probably out of a concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy while he was still alive. Matilda of Scotland - Wikipedia In 1153, the death of Stephen's son Eustace, combined with the arrival of a military expedition led by Henry, led him to acknowledge the latter as his heir by the Treaty of Wallingford. The Barons went back on their promise. [6], Matilda had a younger, legitimate brother, William Adelin, and her father's relationships with numerous mistresses resulted in around 22 illegitimate siblings. Geoffrey Plantagenet 1113 - 1151 2. It was 1147 when Henry, aged 14, had accompanied Matilda on an invasion of England. [93], Following the news that Stephen was gathering support in England, the Norman nobility had gathered at Le Neubourg to discuss declaring his elder brother Theobald king. [100] Stephen returned to the Duchy in 1137, where he met with Louis VI and Theobald to agree to an informal alliance against Geoffrey and Matilda, to counter the growing Angevin power in the region. They reconciled in 1131 and on 5 March 1133 she gave birth to their first son Henry, who later became Henry II. She was betrothed to Heinrich V. in April 1110. Henry saw to it that the Anglo-Norman barons, including Stephen, twice swore to accept Matilda as ruler if Henry died without a male heir of his body. Meanwhile, the social landscape altered dramatically, as the Norman aristocracy came to prominence. Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou - Wikipedia [67] Matilda finally agreed, and in May 1127 she travelled to Rouen with Robert of Gloucester and Brian Fitz Count where she was formally betrothed to Geoffrey. Her body was transferred to Rouen Cathedral in 1847; her epitaph reads: "Great by Birth, Greater by Marriage, Greatest in her Offspring: Here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry.". He wasn't able to enjoy the following peace for a long time he died in October 1154. Large parts of the rest of the country were in the hands of local barons. [147] Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, wrote to complain and demand her husband's release. [66] Henry's solution was now to negotiate the marriage of Matilda to Geoffrey, recreating the former alliance. [48], In the middle of this confrontation, Henry unexpectedly fell ill and died near Lyons-la-Fort. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband to Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St Peter's Basilica, and acted as the . She's a popular woman to be descended from. [223] Since she was never crowned at Westminster, during the rest of the war she appears to have used her title of Lady of the English, rather than that of the Queen of England, although some contemporaries referred to her by the royal title. [29] Bourdin had also been excommunicated by the time he conducted the second ceremony, and he was later to be deposed and imprisoned for life by the Pope. [237] She had close links to the Cistercian Mortemer Abbey in Normandy, and drew on the house for a supply of monks when she supported the foundation of nearby La Valasse. [254] In this interpretation, Matilda has been unfairly criticised for showing qualities that have been considered praiseworthy when seen in her male contemporaries. [217] Her remains were lost again after the destruction of Bec-Hellouin's church by Napoleon, but were found once more in 1846 and this time reburied at Rouen Cathedral, where they remain. References ^ Chibnall 1991, p. 9 ^ Pain 1978, p. 5 ^ Pain 1978, p. 7 ^ Chibnall 1991, p. 16 ^ Pain 1978, p. 8 ^ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. [138][nb 17] After an initial success in which William's forces destroyed the Angevins' Welsh infantry, the battle went well for Matilda's forces. Empress Matilda | Detailed Pedia Empress Matilda, also known as Empress Maud (c. February 7, 1102-September 10, 1167), the daughter of Henry I of England, is best known in history for the civil war sparked by her fight against her cousin Stephen to win the throne of England for herself and her descendants. [81] A fresh rebellion broke out in southern Normandy, and Geoffrey and Matilda intervened militarily on behalf of the rebels. 1102 / London. After Matilda returned to England, Henry named her as his heir to the English throne and Duchy of Normandy. On August 26, 1127 she married the eleven years younger Geoffrey V. Plantagenet (qv), Count of Anjou in Le Mans. In response, Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf advanced on Stephen's position with a larger force, resulting in the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141. [109] A small number of Stephen's household knights were sent north to help the fight against the Scots, where David's forces were defeated later that year at the Battle of the Standard. [96][nb 13], Matilda gave birth to her third son William on 22 July 1136 at Argentan, and she then operated out of the border region for the next three years, establishing her household knights on estates around the area. [119][nb 15] Matilda stayed at Arundel Castle, while Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King and declare for Matilda. Henry V Holy Roman Emperor. [250] Popular, but not always accurate, biographies were written by the Earl of Onslow in 1939 and Nesta Pain in 1978, but the only major academic biography in English remains Majorie Chibnall's 1991 work. The first of these involved the Hand of St James, the relic which Matilda had brought back with her from Germany many years before. [39][nb 7] In early 1122, the couple travelled down the Rhine together as Henry continued to suppress the ongoing political unrest, but by now he was suffering from cancer. [113] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. But the ad hoc, shallow-rooted precedents of the last 50 years precipitated crisis when Henry I died in 1135. Henry's son died, and his nominated heir Matilda was denied the throne by her cousin, Henry's nephew, Stephen. It meant that in 1154 Henry II would ascend to the throne as the first undisputed king in over 100 years - evidence of the dynastic uncertainty of the Norman period. [228] Matilda issued two types of coins in her name during her time in England, which were used in the west of England and Wales. Immediate Family Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor husband Geoffroy V, Count of Anjou, Main. Matilda and her brother William were possibly twins. [30] Matilda chose not to dispute Anglo-Norman chroniclers who later incorrectly recorded that the Pope himself had crowned her in Rome. In 1141, she escaped Devizes in a similar manner, by disguising herself as a corpse and being carried out for burial. Get Started. Henry V was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1117 at Worms. His wife Matilda was sent to Kent with ships and resources from Boulogne, with the task of retaking the key port of Dover, under Robert's control. [122] The reasons for Matilda's release remain unclear. The royal control over the minting of coins broke down, leading to coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country.
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